Battle of Caen in World War II

The Battle of Caen was fought from June 6, to July 20, 1944, during World War II (1939-1945). Situated on the Orne River approximately nine miles from the Normandy coast, the city of Caen was a key road and rail hub in the region. The city was identified by the Allies as an early goal for troops coming ashore during the D-Day invasion. Rather than quickly falling, the struggle for Caen became a bloody, grinding affair that lasted for seven weeks due to intense German resistance. While a costly struggle, the fighting around Caen pinned down German troops which facilitated Operation Cobra in late July. This saw the Allies breakout of the beachhead and move to encircle German forces in Normandy. Background Located in Normandy, Caen was identified early on by General Dwight D. Eisenhower and Allied planners as a main objective for the D-Day invasion. This was largely due to the citys key position along the Orne River and Caen Canal as well as its role as a major road hub within the region. As a result, the capture of Caen would greatly inhibit the ability of German forces to respond quickly to Allied operations once ashore. Planners also felt that the relatively open terrain around the city would provide an easier line of advance inland as opposed to the more difficult bocage (hedgerow) country to the west. Given the favorable terrain, the Allies also intended to establish several airfields around the city. The capture of Caen was assigned to Major General Tom Rennies British 3rd Infantry Division which would be assisted by Major General Richard N. Gales British 6th Airborne Division and 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion. In the final plans for Operation Overlord, Allied leaders intended for Kellers men to take Caen shortly after coming ashore on D-Day. This would require an advance of approximately 7.5 miles from beach. D-Day Landing during the night of June 6, the airborne forces captured key bridges and artillery positions to the east of Caen along the Orne River and at Merville. These efforts effectively blocked the enemys ability to mount a counterattack against the beaches from the east. Storming ashore on Sword Beach around 7:30 AM, the 3rd Infantry Division initially encountered stiff resistance. Following the arrival of supporting armor, Rennies men were able to secure the exits from the beach and commenced pushing inland around 9:30 AM. Their advance was soon stopped by a determined defense mounted by 21st Panzer Division. Blocking the road to Caen, the Germans were able to halt Allied forces and the city remained in their hands as night fell. As a result, the Allied ground commander, General Bernard Montgomery, elected to meet with the commanders of the US First Army and British Second Army, Lieutenant Generals Omar Bradley and Miles Dempsey, to develop a new plan for taking the city. Lieutenant General Sir Miles C. Dempsey (right) with the 21st Army Group commander, General Sir Bernard Montgomery (center), and U.S. First Army commander, Lieutenant General Omar Bradley (left), 10 June 1944. Public Domain Fast Facts: Battle of Caen Conflict: World War II (1939-1945)Dates: June 6, to July 20, 1944Armies Commanders:AlliesGeneral Bernard MontgomeryLieutenant General Miles Dempsey14 divisions, 8 armored/tank brigadesAxisField Marshal Erwin RommelField Marshal Gà ¼nther von Kluge15 divisions, 3 heavy tank battalions Operation Perch Originally conceived as a plan for breaking out of the beachhead to the southeast of Caen, Operation Perch was quickly altered by Montgomery into a pincer attack for taking the city. This called for I Corps 51st (Highland) Infantry Division and the 4th Armoured Brigade to cross the Orne River in the east and attack towards Cagny. In the west, XXX Corps would cross the Odon River, then swing east towards Evrecy. This offensive moved forward on June 9 as elements of XXX Corps began battling for Tilly-sur-Seulles which was held by the Panzer Lehr Division and elements of the 12th SS Panzer Division. Due to delays, I Corps did not begin their advance until June 12. Meeting heavy resistance from the 21st Panzer Division, these efforts were halted the next day. As I Corps rolled forward, the situation in the west changed when German forces, having been under heavy attack from the US 1st Infantry Division on XXX Corps right began falling back. Seeing an opportunity, Dempsey directed the 7th Armoured Division to exploit the gap and advance to Villers-Bocage before turning east to assault the left flank of the Panzer Lehr Division. Reaching the village on July 13, British forces were checked in heavy fighting. Feeling that the division was becoming overextended, Dempsey pulled it back with the goal of reinforcing it and renewing the offensive. This failed to occur when a severe storm hit the area and damaged supply operations on the beaches (Map). Operation Epsom In an effort to regain the initiative, Dempsey commenced Operation Epsom on June 26. Using Lieutenant General Sir Richard OConnors newly-arrived VIII Corps, the plan called for a thrust over the Odon River to capture high ground south of Caen near Bretteville-sur-Laize. A secondary operation, dubbed Martlet, was launched on June 25 to secure heights along VIII Corps right flank. Assisted by supporting operations at other points along the line, the 15th (Scottish) Infantry Division, aided by armor from the 31st Tank Brigade, spearheaded the Epsom attack the next day. An ammunition lorry of 11th Armoured Division explodes after being hit by mortar fire during Operation Epsom, June 1944. Public Domain Making good progress, it crossed the river, pushed through the German lines and began expanding its position. Joined by the 43rd (Wessex) Infantry Division, the 15th became engaged in heavy fighting and repulsed several major German counterattacks. The severity of the German efforts led to Dempsey pulling his some of his troops back across the Odon by June 30. Though a tactical failure for the Allies, Epsom altered the balance of forces in the region in their favor. While Dempsey and Montgomery were able to maintain a force of reserves, their opponent, Field Marshal Erwin Rommel, was compelled to utilize his entire force to hold the front lines. Following Epsom, the Canadian 3rd Infantry Division mounted Operation Windsor on July 4. This called for an attack on Carpiquet and its adjacent airfield which were located west of Caen. The Canadian effort was further supported by a variety of specialist armor, 21 artillery regiments, naval gunfire support from HMS Rodney, as well as two squadrons of Hawker Typhoons. Moving forward, the Canadians, aided by the 2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade, succeeded in capturing the village but were unable to secure the airfield. The next day, they turned back German efforts to reclaim Carpiquet. Operation Charnwood Increasingly frustrated with the situation around Caen, Montgomery directed that a major offensive be mounted to frontally assault the city. Though Caens strategic significance had lessened, he particularly desired to secure Verrià ¨res and Bourguà ©bus ridges to the south. Dubbed Operation Charnwood, the key objectives of the assault were to clear the city south to the Orne and secure bridges over the river. To accomplish the latter, an armored column was assembled with orders to rush through Caen to capture the crossings. The attack moved forward on July 8 and was heavily supported by bombers and naval gunfire. Led by I Corps, three infantry divisions (3rd, 59th, and 3rd Canadian), supported by armor, pushed forward. To the west, the Canadians renewed their efforts against Carpiquet airfield. Grinding ahead, British forces reached the outskirts of Caen that evening. Concerned about the situation, the Germans began withdrawing their heavy equipment across the Orne and prepared to defend the river crossings in the city. The next morning, British and Canadian patrols began penetrating the city proper while other forces finally occupied Carpiquet airfield after the 12th SS Panzer Division withdrew. As the day progressed British and Canadian troops united and drove the Germans from the northern part of Caen. Occupying the riverbank, Allied troops halted as they lacked the strength to contest the river crossings. In addition, it was deemed inadvisable to continue as the Germans held the ground flanking the southern part of the city. As Charnwood concluded, OConnor launched Operation Jupiter on July 10. Striking south, he sought to capture the key heights of Hill 112. Though this objective was not gained after two days of fighting, his men secured several villages in the area and prevented the 9th SS Panzer Division from being withdrawn as a reserve force. Operation Goodwood As Operation Jupiter was moving forward, Montgomery again met with Bradley and Dempsey to assess the overall situation. At this gathering, Bradley proposed the plan for Operation Cobra which called for a major breakout from the American sector on July 18. Montgomery approved this plan and Dempsey was tasked with mounting an operation to pin German forces in place around Caen and possibly achieve a breakout in the east. A A Canadian soldier moves through Caen, 1944. Public Domain Dubbed Operation Goodwood, this called for a major offensive by British forces east of the city. Goodwood was to be supported by the Canadian-led Operation Atlantic which was designed to capture the southern part of Caen. With planning completed, Montgomery hoped to begin Goodwood on July 18 and Cobra two days later. Spearheaded by OConnors VIII Corps, Goodwood commenced following heavy Allied air attacks. Slowed somewhat by natural obstacles and German minefields, OConnor was tasked with capturing Bourguà ©bus Ridge as well as the area between Bretteville-sur-Laize and Vimont. Driving forward, British forces, heavily supported by armor, were able to advance seven miles but failed to take the ridge. The fighting saw frequent clashes between British Churchill and Sherman tanks and their German Panther and Tiger counterparts. Advancing to the east, Canadian forces succeeded in liberating the remainder of Caen, however subsequent assaults against Verrià ¨res Ridge were repulsed. Aftermath Though originally a D-Day objective, it took Allied forces around seven weeks to finally liberate the city. Due to the ferocity of the fighting, much of Caen was destroyed and had to be rebuilt after the war. Though Operation Goodwood failed to achieve a breakout, it did hold German forces in place for Operation Cobra. Delayed until July 25, Cobra saw American forces knock a gap in the German lines and reach open country to the south. Pivoting east, they moved to encircle German forces in Normandy as Dempsey mounted a new advance with the goal of trapping the enemy around Falaise. Beginning on August 14, Allied forces sought to close the Falaise Pocket and destroy the German Army in France. Though nearly 100,000 Germans escaped the pocket before it was closed on August 22, around 50,000 were captured and 10,000 killed. Having won the Battle of Normandy, Allied forces advanced freely to the Seine River reaching it on August 25.

The Four Philosophical Definitions Of Justice - 1840 Words

The Four Philosophical Definitions of Justice Richard DeVivo PSC 200-1001 Prof. Bradley 9 February 2015 In Books I and II of The Republic of Plato Translated by Allan Bloom, there many definitions of justice. Socrates knows the definition from the start of the discussion but he wont reveal the definition until he believes Cephalus, Polemarchus, Thrasymachus, and Glaucon come up with their own definitions of justice. If they are wrong the discussion continues until they reach consensus, which is hard for them because Socrates masks his definition pretty well. For them to come up with a definition they have to look at the big picture. In book I they talk about what it means to be just. In book II they talk more about justice in the city as a whole. So in order to figure out what the true definition of justice is, you have to look at the big picture otherwise the definition can be skewed. Lastly you have to develop the definition yourself and learn and further develop your definition from talking with other people because that is the best form of education. In Book I Cephalus is the first one to give a definition of justice. His first definition that he gave was â€Å"shall we simply assert that it is the truth and giving back what has a man taken from another (Bloom 331C).† Socrates then says that this definition is hard to disprove. â€Å"I understand,.. A man does not give what is owed in giving back gold to someone who has deposited it, when the giving andShow MoreRelatedJustice Is The Best Choice For Its Own Sake1307 Words   |  6 PagesRepublic, is a classic philosophical novel that covers many points and topics regarding philosophy. One of these main points includes justice. In this essay I will be answering the question of whether justice in soul is choice worthy for its own sake. 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The Effect Social Media Has on Anorexia Free Essays

This Is the sickening effect that social media has on the generation today, that we should all weigh 90 pounds and be as thin as the fake body on a fashion magazine. Over half of girls and just about one third of males today go through this process every single day. They take steps that are not necessary to control their weight which Is most likely under the normal percentile for their age. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect Social Media Has on Anorexia or any similar topic only for you Order Now These steps Include; laxatives, binging and purging, starving themselves, fasting or even smoking to control their weight. Larger weight and over weight teens or even children are more keel to engage in this horrible behavior only to fit in with the girls or boys on the magazine. In fact, over 20% of these overweight girls and Just over 6% of overweight boys have confessed to using tactics like starving or binging and purging to control their weight. (MEDIC) It is not hard to get sucked into this way of thinking, all it takes are a few articles and covers on a popular magazine and then the image of who you should be, according to the magazine, is burned In the back of your head forever. This train of thought Is not Just put In your brain after a day, no It takes timely The cost alarming thought of anorexia is that it is not only found in teenagers or adults, it is starting to be found in children as little as five years of age. If a Barbie is what is thought of as a role model to a young teenage girl is that not social media affecting the way their brain Is trained to picture perfection? A Victorians Secret model effects the way a mother think about herself greatly so when they start to diet, their young daughter starts to see this as normal and is trained to think that this is what said daughter should be doing. Social media is effecting mothers, aunts, or even sisters which Is then effecting young children. (Eating Disorders) In a study done of five year old girls it was revealed that very significant portion of the very young children associated a healthy diet with food restriction, thinness, and extreme weight loss. If this is what is being instilled in our young people today then what will the future of our world look like? (Anorexia Begins) One of the most important and influential ideas that social media affects is a teenage girls perception of how skinny is beautiful. Every magazine, television commercial, and website is constantly showing how beautiful you should be and how o make sure that the extra two pounds on your hips can disappear In Just two weeks! There Is the rare moment when any ad is showing that you are beautiful just the way you are and you do not need to weigh 100 pounds to truly radiate beauty. Social 1 OFF 120 pounds because if you weigh more than that in this society then you are truly fat. What social media is not telling you is that many teens have admitted that they use unhealthy tactics because of popular media shown in every aspect of social feeds. What it also does not tell you is that around a thousand women die each year cause of unrealistic expectations that magazines set for us. They die trying to reach perfection without realizing that perfection is far behind them. (Teen Anorexia) Perfection is all in our heads and the image is put in our heads by people on the covers of magazines, what is not realized is that all of it is fake. All models in social media are a sample size of 0-4 but on the cover of anything they are made and when teenage girls look at the they believe that this is the normalcy and desirability that they should be faced with. With this they pressure their peers which does not stop tit other girls, but has spread to pressuring boys. All girls put pressure on guys to look a certain way like an Firebombed and Fitch model, this has driven over 10% of guys to fall into anorexia, or bulimia and in extreme cases steroids to fit the bill for most women. (Male Eating Disorders) Males are over half as likely to suffer in silence because they do not think that this illness is normal for men to have. ANDREA: Eating Disorders) Eating disorders are should not normal, in males or in females, and if there are signs and symptoms of any sort of eating disorder help should try and be established. Unfortunately though in our society they are more normal than actually looking normal! Everyone is wonderful in their own way, Psalm 139:14 states, â€Å"l praise you because I am fearfully and wonderfully made; your works are wonderful, and I know that full well. † (Hope, and Healing) But is it known in society that everyth ing is wonderful? Certainly not with social media telling people that a double zero is true beauty. Why is it the the Bible cannot be our source of social media, it gives countless examples that beauty is given by God, that perfection is the person he made and it would not be starved and withered down to 90 pounds because that is the way that the world thinks it should be. God makes every inch of every body perfectly in his eyes, it is not imperfect to weigh 130 pounds, or imperfect to not have the smallest thighs and the tiniest waist. What society needs to realize as a whole is that our imperfections are what makes up who they are. So the girl looks back in the mirror and again drops her eyes to the magazine now wrinkled in her hands. She traces the figure with her fingers re-reading the words on the cover over and over in her head. â€Å"Drop two pounds in two days! † â€Å"Perfection in he form of this super cute new tank top† â€Å"Be a size zero in zero days! † Then with only a moments notice, she swiftly but not violently tosses the magazine into the trash. She will not fall into the trap that the media has created so sneakily but will be herself. She is not going to criticize her body, or will it to be something it is not. And she continues on her life living it our as a normal teenager, without being negatively affected by the social media that surrounds her. And ever so quietly her mind has been made up; nothing is going to change who she is, because she likes the image that is reflected in the mirror. How to cite The Effect Social Media Has on Anorexia, Papers

Analyse The Learning organization Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Analyse The Learning organization. Answer: Learning organization Learning organization is the term given to a company which helps to enhance the learning pattern of the employees so that the organization can easily bring transformation. The organization that attains knowledge and innovates in the competitive environment is known as a learning organization. Learning organization gives focus on creating a culture that enhances and supports continuous learning, critical thinking and also values the employee contribution. It helps to achieve new knowledge throughout the company for incorporation into the day to day operations. The concept of organizational learning was coined through the work and research of Peter Senge and his colleagues. This concept creates pressure on facing modern companies and assists them to remain competitive in the market. Learning organization is not only related to currentmanagement trend but they offer a work environment that is open to creative thoughts and also helps to solve the problems related to work. A leaning organization focuses on creating its own future and also considers that learning is an ongoing and creative process for the members and it helps to transform the needs and aspirations of the individual both inside and outside. Learning organization helps to enhance the growth of the companies. In this paper, the discussion will be made by taking into consideration Pizza Hut. Pizza Hut is one of the largest learning organizations. The company focuses on inventing and implementing new technologies by considering the lifetime value of their customers as it treats them as long-term assets. Pizza Hut is also the company that helps to encourage and facilitates learning so that transformation can be done on a continuous basis. It also helps to survive and excel in the changing environment of the market (Boyland Christiansen, 2015). As Pizza Hut is one of the learning environments so it is seen that it facilitates the growth of the company. As the company expands its market it is seen it is due to the learning process only. The company acquires new technologies and also the techniques that help to enhance the market share of the company. By taking into consideration Pizza hut it is seen that the features of a learning organization are: The idea of the learning organization is enhanced by a body of work that is known as critical thinking. This is a framework that helps the people to evaluate the businesses as bounded objects. Pizza hut consider this method as it helps people to evaluate the performance of the company as a whole. Systematic thinking is known as the cornerstone of a learning organization. The system thinking helps the company to evaluate the relationship between the parts of the incentives and also various disciplines. Pizza hut learns various thinks by other organizations and from the behavior of the individual. The changes are made by analyzing the thinking pattern of the customers. Personal mastery is the disciplines that are clarified by the employee's personal vision. It also goes beyond the competency and skills that are involved. If the employees have personal mastery then it can be easy for the organization to achieve competitive advantage. Personal mastery can be achieved if the organization provides proper training and self-improvement skills. Pizza hut provides proper training to its employees so that the growth can be achieved in an effective manner (Wingrove Urban, 2017). It is seen that team learning helps to evaluate the performance of the teams and also assist to achieve the overall goals. In Pizza hut team learning helps to build a shared vision and to add collaboration. Learning organization important for Pizza hut growth as learning organization does not consider the ad hoc process. It also promotes, facilitates and rewards for collective learning. Learning organization also helps to increase the growth of the company in following ways. In pizza hut the innovation level is maintained and also the competitive advantage remains in the organization. Pizza hut also attains the advantage of enhancing the good image by becoming more people oriented. The qualities of the products are also improved at all levels by considering the learning organization. By taking into consideration the learning process it is seen that customer requirements are also linked to the resources (Kashif, Awang, Walsh Altaf, 2015). By analyzing the requirements of the customers the company tries to produce the quality products so that the satisfaction level of the customers can be enhanced effectively. It is seen that to satisfy the needs of the customers it is important to analyze the requirements so that success can be attained. The growth is attained by the company as the latest technology is used that helps to enhance the overall profitability and growth of Pizza Hut. It is seen that if adopt the latest technology to innovate the existence products then it can give positive results in an effective manner (Ozdemir and Ergin, 2017). Learning organization like Pizza hut embraces the change and has a vision of future to build- in. Pizza Hut is considered as a good place to work just because of enhanced quality and more committed employees. In the learning organization like pizza hut, the ability of change is enhanced in an effective manner. The role of the learning organization is to manage the changes so that proper activities of the organization can be conducted in a proper way. Pizza hut produces various types of pizza by evaluating the requirements of the customers. If the customer wants cheese burst pizza then it is important for the company to provide cheese pizza to the customer as it will help to enhance the satisfaction level of the customers (Jaber, 2016). To create learning organization it is important to have good leadership that is based on a traditional hierarchy. Also, there should be proper realization that the proper power is there in the company to analyze the solutions to the problems. A learning organization culture is based on trust and openness where the workers are given assistance and also rewarded for learning and innovating. It is important to overcome the challenges in the company so that the activities or the operations of the organization can be conducted smoothly (Augustin, Riley, Stockmann, Bennett, Kahl, Lockett Cobiac, 2016). To compete in the competitive environment it is important to be competitive and dynamic. Pizza hut introduces various variants in pizza so that the customers can be attracted. The company challenges all the workers to consider resources and potential so that their principles of humanity and liberty can be considered. Pizza hut tries to evaluate the method of other organization so that the modification can be done in a proper manner (eri? Prani?evi?, 2017). By analyzing the other companies it can be possible for the company to make modifications so that the activities can be conducted accordingly (Burke, 2017). Learning organization are the competitors they have their brand equity and also the best candidates are attracted towards the organization. It is seen that the company needs to learn new things so that the changes can be made in a proper manner. It the duty of the managers to take correct decisions so that proper decisions can be taken by the organization (Daft, 2015). The decision making needs the company to enhance the capability of acquiring new behaviors over a period of time. In pizza hut, the decisions are made by the topmanagement so that proper implementation can be done effectively. It is seen that the company try to maintain basic principles and values so that continuous learning can help to think and act ahead of the competition level. If the company remain a true learning organization then it is safe to achieve future success (Baldwin, 2016). Pizza hut try to modify new and variety of pizza so that the large market share can be achieved. If there are a variety of items offered to the customers then it can be easy for the company to induce customers to purchase the products and avail the services in a proper manner. In the learning organization, all the employees and members are engaged in feedback loops. This directly means that they can easily attain feedback from their members. The feedback is given on the routine basis by the employees or the employees so that the formulation can be made on the regular basis. To be one of the best learning organiManagementzations it is important for the company to sustain a true learning organization that needs a lot of work and dedication and it takes time and resources. For pizza hut, the customers are known as long-term assets (Rathore Ilavarasan, 2017). It helps to invent and implement new technologies that give value to its customers and on the constant basis improves products and services. Many companies give their attention so that the member of the organization can know the changing pattern and the activities are also conducted in a smooth manner. So learning organization help to achieve overall goals and objectives in an effective manner. References Augustin, M. A., Riley, M., Stockmann, R., Bennett, L., Kahl, A., Lockett, T., Cobiac, L. (2016). Role of food processing in food and nutrition security.Trends in Food Science Technology,56, 115-125. Baldwin, M. (2016).Social work, critical reflection and the learning organization. Routledge. Boyland, E. J., Christiansen, P. (2015). Brands and Food-Related Decision Making in the Laboratory: How Does Food Branding Affect Acute Consumer Choice, Preference, and Intake Behaviours? A Systematic Review of Recent Experimental Findings.Journal of agricultural food industrial organization,13(1), 45-54. Burke, W. W. (2017).Organization change: Theory and practice. Sage Publications. Daft, R. L. (2015).Organization theory and design. Cengage learning. Jaber, M. Y. (Ed.). (2016).Learning curves: Theory, models, and applications. CRC Press. Kashif, M., Awang, Z., Walsh, J., Altaf, U. (2015). Im loving it but hating US: understanding consumer emotions and perceived service quality of US fast food brands.British Food Journal,117(9), 2344-2360. Ozdemir, H., Ergin, E. A. (2017). Consumer Preferences for Fast Food Brands: Evidence from an Emerging Country.Journal of Marketing Development and Competitiveness,11(3), 109-122. Rathore, A. K., Ilavarasan, P. V. (2017, February). Social media analytics for new product development: Case of a pizza. InAdvances in Mechanical, Industrial, Automation andManagement Systems (AMIAMS), 2017 International Conference on(pp. 213-219). IEEE. eri?, M., Prani?evi?, D. G. (2017). Consumer-Generated Reviews on Social Media and Brand Relationship Outcomes in the Fast-Food Chain Industry.Journal of Hospitality Marketing Management, 1-21. Shafritz, J. M., Ott, J. S., Jang, Y. S. (2015).Classics of organization theory. Cengage Learning. Wingrove, C. A., Urban, B. (2017). Franchised fast food brands: An empirical study of factors influencing growth.Acta Commercii,17(1), 1-8.